Sweden
Sweden’s AMR surveillance combines human and veterinary monitoring in the joint Swedres-Svarm programme. The country’s system features automatic reporting of susceptibility test results from clinical laboratories, providing comprehensive coverage of both primary and specialist care settings.
Surveillance Programme
Swedres-Svarm - Swedish Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistance and Consumption
Key Entities
| Entity | Abbreviation | Type | Role |
|---|---|---|---|
| Public Health Agency of Sweden | FoHM | Government agency | Human AMR data (Swedres), SmiNet/Svebar databases |
| Swedish Veterinary Agency | SVA | Research institute | Veterinary AMR data (Svarm) |
| Swedish eHealth Agency | - | Government agency | Pharmaceutical sales statistics (human AMU) |
| Swedish Board of Agriculture | Jordbruksverket | Government agency | Veterinary AMU data |
Human AMR Surveillance
- Swedres initiated in 2002
- Clinical laboratories automatically report susceptibility test results for both invasive and non-invasive isolates from primary and specialist care into national databases:
- SmiNet - notifiable disease reporting system
- Svebar - voluntary AMR data reporting system
- Routine surveillance for ESBL-producing E. coli from urine and bloodstream infections (community-acquired resistance insight)
- Managed by Folkhälsomyndigheten
- Legislative basis: Communicable Diseases Act (Smittskyddslagen, SFS 2004:168) and Health and Medical Services Act (2017:30)
Animal and Food AMR Surveillance
- Svarm managed by SVA (Statens Veterinärmedicinska Anstalt)
- Monitors commensal bacteria in food-producing animals from slaughterhouses
- Routinely collects diagnostic samples from diseased animals
- Reports to EFSA and contributes to the EU Summary Report (EUSR)
AMU Monitoring
- Human: All prescription and sales data collected in a database managed by Swedish eHealth Agency. Published in the annual Swedres-Svarm report
- Animal: Sales data from SVA and Swedish Board of Agriculture
- Regulated under Feed Act (1985:295) and EU Regulation (EU) 2019/6